I am making a report and I attached the file name (formal report) the report the
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I am making a report and I attached the file name (formal report) the report the still some paragraphs not completed want to re-arrange the steps and paragraphs of the report as shown in the instructions and complete all the required paragraphs in making the report in one file this the steps page and paragraphs are arranged and we should the final report same as example of pdf file report i attached is example pdf file is comprehensive example the shouid do this report like the same example this the most important thing the need to completed in my report ( Letter of Transmittal -Literature Review and Discussion- Results – Significance – Conclusions – Recommendations- Appendix A: Proposal)
Appendix B: Progress Report) and this all information about the the report how shouid arranged for each page the explain information for each paragraphs
font Matter (pages 346-351)
The Front Matter has four required elements: a letter of transmittal, a title page, the informative abstract/executive summary, and the Table of Contents.
Letter of Transmittal – The Letter of Transmittal in the very first page in the formal report. Because it is the first text that the reader encounters, the tone should be courteous and professional. I want you to use a letter of transmittal for the formal report, rather than a memo of transmittal (like the example on pages 354-355).Using a letter instead of a memo enhances the formality of the report. (It’s like wearing formal attire to a wedding.) Also, you should try to keep the Letter of Transmittal to one page.
Title Page
Informative Abstract/Executive Summary[U1]
Table of Contents
The letter should be addressed to . Each recipient of the formal report should have a personalized Letter of Transmittal.Use the full-block format for the letter.You can find examples of full-block letters on pages 243-244. Use this address for the Letter of Transmittal:
Humanities Division
The Letter of Transmittal will contain five required statements:
1. Statement of transmittal/submission
2. Authorization
3. Subject
4. Purpose
5. Documentation Style
The Letter of Transmittal may also contain other statements. You can find a discussion about the Letter of Transmittal contents on page 346. Occasionally, the Letter of Transmittal might include acknowledgements, a distribution list of other audiences, description of features of special interest, a list of existing or future reports on the same subject, a brief explanation of background material, a brief overview of the research findings, an explanation of why certain objectives were not met, financial implications, and brief summary of conclusions and recommendations.
The title page should contain these five elements:
Your Name
Title of Formal Report
ENGL 2311-300
You can find a discussion about other aspects of the title page on page 346 and an example title page on page 356.In addition to the name of the principal investigator, the title page can include the names of other contributors.Occasionally, the title page can include other items such as a contract number or an identification code, a company logo, proprietary and security notices with reproduction restrictions, and the place for the signature of the authorizing agent.
You should include either an Informative Abstract or an Executive Summary.You do not have to include both an informative abstract and an Executive Summary, but you may include both if you are producing the formal report for multiple audiences. The Informative Abstract is targeted for an audience who is more knowledgeable about the theoretical background and the technical terminology in the formal report.An Executive Summary is addressed to an audience who does not have as much technical knowledge.
You can find discussion about the Informative Abstract on pages 346-347.(The Descriptive Abstract is not a required element, but you may choose to include a Descriptive Abstract if you sense a need or if a secondary audience has requested a Descriptive Abstract.).You can see an example of an Informative Abstract on page 357.
The Executive Summary is discussed on pages 350-351 and an example of an Executive Summary can be found on page 359.
The Table of Contents is a chronological listing of all topics discussed in the formal report with corresponding pagination.Every heading and sub-heading in the body of the formal report should be included in the Table of Contents, and no entry should be included unless it has a corresponding heading or sub-heading.You can find a discussion about the Table of Contents on pages 347-348 and an example of a Table of Contents on page 358.Make sure to use leader dots in the Table of Contents and in the List of Illustrations if you have any graphics in the formal report.The discussion about the List of Illustrations is on page 348, and an example of a List of Illustrations is on page 350.
The Front Matter also has several optional elements:
List of Illustrations
Glossary
List of Symbols/Abbreviations
Descriptive Abstract
Preface
Foreword
Letter of Authorization
Letter of Acceptance
Proprietary/Security Notices
Distribution List/Other Audiences
Body (pages 346-348)
The body of the formal report has four required sections:
Introduction (with Rationale and Objectives) – The Introduction section should help the reader to understand the technical document that follows.
Literature Review and Discussion – The Literature Review and Discussion is the heart of your formal report because it is where you report all your research findings about your topic.For most students, the Literature Review and Discussion happens simultaneously.As you discuss your topic, you provide your thoughts on the topic and support your statements with results from your research.Of course, you will provide internal citations to inform your reader where the information comes from.It’s not that different from other academic research writing. You can avoid plagiarism by always making sure to provide documentation for your research findings, and you also enhance the credibility of your discussion by incorporating the information from reputable sources.
So What? Section – Once you have completed the process of reporting your research findings, you move into what I call the “So What?” section.After the reader has read your discussion (including the documented information from your research), the reader might ask “So what?” or “What does all this information mean to me?”When completing the So What? section, I want you to select at least two of these sub-headings.You may choose more than two, but you must have at least two of the sub-headings in the final section of the body of your formal report..You are not writing a conclusion; you are explaining the significance of your research.
Documentation/References – The Documentation/References page is always the last page of the body of the formal report.You can see the References page for the sample report on page 376.The sample report labels the documentation page as References because the formal report is using APA formatting.Some style sheets call this section References, Bibliography, Works Cited or some other label.Use the label that your documentation style sheet recommends.The concept of documentation is relatively simple: if you cite a source in the body of your formal report, then you should list that source on your documentation page.If you don’t use specific information from a source, that source will not be included on your documentation page.
You should include a Rationale section in the Introduction.The Rationale explains the exigence of the report. What events have occurred that have brought forth a need for you to research this topic and to produce a formal report?
The Objective section of the Introduction explains the purpose of the report. What do you want the formal report to achieve (other than getting a good grade in ENGL 2311)? What kind of response do you hope to elicit from readers once they’ve read your research findings and conclusions?
Markel and Selber provide several questions on pages 343-344 that may want to address in the Introduction section if you think the information would be useful to your reader:
Who is the audience that the report is targeting?
What is the subject of the report?
What is the purpose of the report?
What is the background of the report?
What are your sources of information?
What is the scope of the report?
What are the most significant findings?
What are your recommendations?
What is the organization of the report?
What key terms are you using in the report?
The Introduction for the sample formal report is on pages 360-361.
Just make sure that your Introduction includes the sub-headings Rationale and Objectives.
If your formal report discusses an empirical experiment that you have set up, then you need to separate the Literature Review and Discussion into two separate sections.You first describe similar research in the Literature Review section, and then you describe your own empirical experiment.You want to show how your empirical research builds on the empirical research that has been previously done.Very few students will be using this empirical model.Most students will combine the Literature Review and Discussion.
The headings in the Literature Review and Discussion section will be the sub-topics that you identified in the progress report.Of course, you will be modifying these headings as you compose the formal report. The preliminary outline in the progress report was your best estimation of topics that you would cover and the order that you would cover them in. These headings are very important because they will end up comprising the Table of Contents.Basically, the Table of Contents is a listing of the headings and sub-headings from the body of the formal report with page numbers.
Results – On pages 344-345, Markel and Selber describe the results section as “the data you discovered or compiled.”
Significance – Why are the results of your research important? Why should the reader care about your findings?
Conclusions – The conclusions section reports “the implications of your results” (345).Do not use the singular form (Conclusion) because you are not writing the type of conclusion that you would find in a traditional academic essay.What are the conclusions that you can draw after compiling your research?Pages 373-374 of the sample formal report identify two key conclusions from the research that has been conducted.
Analysis of Findings – What can the reader do with your research findings? How can the reader apply the research findings? What does your research mean in terms of practical application?
Recommendations – Recommendations answer the question “What should we do now?” (345)Page 345 gives some suggestions on publishing recommendations.Page 375 presents two recommendations from the sample formal report.
You may include other sections in the body of the formal report if you deem them necessary:
Scope – If you had to modify the scope of your research from what you indicated in the proposal or progress report, you may want to include a section on Scope.
Historical Background – If the reader of your research findings will be able to understand the ideas presented in your formal report by your providing some historical context to the research, then give the reader a brief historical perspective of the research.
Theoretical Background – If the reader will be able to comprehend the research more effectively with some explanation of theory or terminology, then provide some brief theoretical context.(I usually have trouble understanding formal reports written about genetics or aerospace engineering, so I appreciate the assistance.)
Plan of Development – If you need to describe your research strategies to enhance the credibility of your research, you can include a plan of development.
Procedures – Describing the steps that you used in compiling your research can help the reader be more confident of the quality of the research findings that you are presenting.
Materials – As you describe your research process, you may see a need to identify the materials that you used in setting up the research (particularly in an empirical report).
Methodology/Research Design – If you are producing an empirical report, you need to describe how you have set up the empirical experiment.This section needs to be specific and thorough so that another researcher could set up a similar experiment and report the findings.The ability to replicate an empirical experiment is crucial to the credibility of the findings.
End Matter/Back Matter (pages 351-353)
The End Matter/Back Matter has two required appendices: the proposal and the progress report.Appendices are labeled with letters, so the proposal will be Appendix A and the progress report will be Appendix B. You may also include any appendices that you think would be helpful to your reader.Each of the additional appendices would be labelled with a letter as well: Appendix C, Appendix D, and so forth.
Required Appendices
Appendix A: Proposal
Appendix B: Progress Report
Optional appendices
Glossary – If you did not include a glossary in the Front Matter, a reader may find a list of key terms helpful in understanding your report.
List of Symbols/Abbreviations -Similarly, a list of symbols or abbreviations can be an aid for the reader to have a more complete understanding of your research findings.
Index -An index is an alphabetical listing of topics and concepts addressed in the formal report, which is different from the Table of Contents that is organized chronologically.You can see the index for our textbook on pages 497-512.
Case Histories – If you are using multiple case studies in your research, you might want to provide a more complete description of the case history in an appendix, so that your discussion of the cases does not interfere with your reporting of your findings.
Detailed Data – Sometimes your discussion of complicated data can bog down the flow of the topic.It is acceptable to move such detailed discussion to an appendix with a cross-reference that indicates the additional discussion can be found in an appendix for a reader who wants to have additional support.
Extended Analysis – Similarly, at times an extend analysis of your research findings can interfere with the flow of your discussion. In such instances, you might want to create an appendix for the extended analysis.
Computations – In engineering reports, data computations need to be included for the credibility of the report, so the writer will often provide an appendix for the computations so that the main idea of the report will remain the focus.
Budget Information – If you ended up spending more than you thought you would when you wrote the proposal and progress report, you might want to include a budget update.
Transcriptions of Interviews – While quotes from interviews can be incorporated in the Literature Review and Discussion section with appropriate documentation, some interviewees may request that a transcript of the entire interview be included as an appendix so that the writer won’t be accused of misquoting the interviewee.
Personnel Lists – If other people assist you with your research in some way, you can identify the individuals and give them credit with a personnel list. Perhaps someone assisted you with conducting a survey or recording data of some kind. Or maybe you got some help with using software to generate research results.
Supporting Illustrations – Sometimes graphics cannot be integrated smoothly into the Literature Review and Discussion section of the body.You can move those illustrations to an appendix if you use a cross-reference in the text that directs the reader to the appendix for more information.
Supplementary Tables – Occasionally, you may have tables that do not fit smoothly into the Literature Review and Discussion section, but you want to make the information available for interested readers by proving an appendix with a cross-reference in the text.
Supplementary Figures- Most figures, illustrations, and tables will be incorporated directly into the Literature Review and Discussion. However, if a figure just doesn’t fit into the Literature Review and Discussion, it is acceptable to create an appendix and provide a cross reference in the text.
Photographs – Photographs will usually be handled as other graphics, but occasionally you might want to create an appendix for photographs.For example, in a real estate appraisal report, the researcher is expected to provide photographs of comparison properties.
Samples/Copies – In order to provide a more thorough description of your research activity, you might want to include copies of any surveys that you conducted. Likewise, some formal report writers have included sample brochures of products that they reviewed in an appendix. The brochures would be documented in the references section, but a conscientious writer might want to make the brochures available in an appendix for interested readers.
Correspondence – Occasionally, writer will include copies of e-mails or texts that they have used in their research.Providing copies of such correspondence can enhance the credibility of the information.
Suggested Readings – An appendix of suggested readings is different from the reference page at the end of the body of the formal report.Perhaps an interested reader would like to explore the topic in more detail, so a conscientious writer might provide a website or a key resource that the interested person can refer to.The entries in a suggested reading list may or may not be included in the references page; it just depends on whether or not the source was cited in the Literature Review and Discussion.A list of suggested readings can be helpful to those readers who want more information.
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